Table of Contents
1 Mason Ch.1 + 2
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- European nations began to make international alliances
- Shifted power to prevent any one country from becoming too powerful
- Whole economic system begins to be challenged by the end of the 18th century, when KBhHIST201TheEnlightenment happened, followed by French Revolution, Industrial Revolution, and solidification of the middle class
- KBhHIST201Enlightenment
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- Applied methods of scientific revolution to study of society
- Believed natural laws governed human behavior + human institutions
- John Locke
- Got on the notion that reason was derived from experience
- Human nature is essentially good, and character is shaped by education and upbringing
- Hence, good societies w/ good education will create a better society
- Man process natural + inalienable rights to life, liberty, and… property?
- Political communities are formed by popular consent
- Had huge influence across the Atlantic
- Jean-Jaques Rousseau
- "Man is born free, and everywhere he is shackled"
- Believes that society corrupts and distorts man's natural freedom and equality
- Negotiated by social contract
- Adam Smith
- Applied Enlightenment ideas to economy and market
- Argued that government inference in the economy violated natural forces of competition, supply, and demand
- Self-interest could work for the common good
- Individual greed + private accumulation of wealth => free market forces are at play
- Argued for system of laissez-faire => daoistic management of economy
- CLAIM: Ideas ultimately influence the development of capitalism
- Perhaps one of the causes of the French Revolution
- Ideas raised by Enlignment => profoundly setting the direction of social order
- Attacked basis of acien régime
- Enlightment Influence
- Introduced governmental reforms
- Created new ideas on goverment: liberalism, socialism, communism.
- French Revolution => 1789
- Although year for the declaration of the Rights of Man, 1789 is
overshodowed by a whole timeline
- 1792 => Louis XVI dethroned
- 1793 => Louis XVI executed
- 1799 => Napoleon
- 1815 => Monarchy is back
- During the revolutionary period, France perhaps was the most
significant country
- Louis XIV established France as centre of power
- Most populous
- Leading in arts and sciences
- Leading in philosophical thought a la Enlightenment
- Cause of revolution
- Long term
- Socioeconomic change of the 18th century
- The Freaking Enlightment
- Weakening monarchy
- Short term
- Inefficient tax system got the country stripped of money
- France also dumped a lot of money on Amercias
- Created economic depression
- 1726-1789 => cost of living +62%, wages only +25%
- British textile caused massive unempolyment
- 1788 brought with it famine
- Louis XVI himself is also quite weak
- The Revolution
- Third estate (peseant) general decided to go rougue (to a tennis
court) when called by the King to discuss tax plans and come up
with their own National Assembly
- "Whenever we meet, there is the nation."
- The King, noticing this, took the army to quell the third estate generals
- Millitias began forming throughout the city
- July 14th, 80,000 people stored Bastille prision + seized the governor of the fortress. This became Bastille day, a French holiday!
- With this example, peseants began raiding their landlords
- The suddenly official National Assembly abolished lordish feutal payments + freed the peseants
- Tennis Court Oath => Won't stop until new revolution
- August 16th, the Dec. of the Rights of Man was published => the French Dec. of Indp.
- Reflects Enlightenment Ideals => "natural, inalienable, and sacred rights of man… Liberty, property, security, and resistance to oppression"
- 6000 woman… just decided to chuck the King back into Paris. #how???
- Then, the National Assembly just pretended that they ran the
nation
- Using monarch as de jurie figurehead
- Seized all Church property
- Required clergy election to be public, forced the clergy to be loyal to the nation
- New constitution was presented => elected legislative assembly w/ king only the power as suspensive veto
- Third estate (peseant) general decided to go rougue (to a tennis
court) when called by the King to discuss tax plans and come up
with their own National Assembly
- Louis XVI fled Paris and appealed to all other monarchs => Russian empress declared "affairs of France were the concern of all crowned heads."
- Prussia and Austria began to try to invade France working with the French king; however, 1792, another insurrection quelled them.
- The National Convention scratched the monarchy part out of the constitution, and that was that.
- Long term
- Louis XIV established France as centre of power
- Then, "normal" politics happened
- The Manhood sufferange movement 1789 => 1971, at which point it's abandoned
- Georges Danton + Max Robespirre jockied for power
- Clubs and meetings established
- Section assemblies drew many commoners into political activity
- Then, by a narrow vote, Louis was convicted and confirmed to be executed
- Then, everyone piled on:
- Britain Holland, Spain, Austria, Prussia formed a coalition against France
- the Convention established a Public Safety committee
- Created a period called The Terror => putting on trial and killing everyone who opposed the revolution
- 40,000 died under this system
- And so did the leaders of the Terror Danton and Robespierre
- After the Terror, the Convention decided the current constitution was not good enough — scrapping it and writing another one after establishing a five-man Directory for executive power
- The Directory later became illegitamate, causing, you guessed it, a coup d'état that, you did'nt guess it, established the Monarchy again!
- Napoleon and the coup d'état
- General in 1793
- Put down a loyalist uprising in 1795, making him famous
- Crushed the Austrian forces while he is at it, making him famous
- Elected cosul in 1802, and just crowned himself in 1804
- Napoleon acted as the one-man-Directory — creating a system similar
to true Constitutional Monarchy
- Weakened representative institutions
- Censored the press
- Put down rebellions
- Did the Terror, but to both royalists and true republicans
- Made peace with the Catholic Church
- Introduced new legal code that is still in French law today
- France enjoyed prosperity
- Controlled Spain, Italy, Belgium, Holland, Swizerland, Poland, Croatio, Slovania and some parts of Germany
- Solidified revolutionary changes + Enlightenment philosophies
- Spread ideas of the Enlightement through millitary conquests
- Conquered places
- Established satellite Republics with constitutions, dec. of rights, legislatures, basic civil equality, and financial, judicial and admin reforms
- Undermined qualities of feudalism and clone-stamped French legal code everywhere
- Napoleon's army were unified, fought with common ideals of "liberty, equality, and fraternity" => better than the mercenary armies of Europe
- Napoleon's luck ending
- Allied army w/ the Russians fought him, and forced him to abdicate
- He escaped within a year, becoming the French monarch again, but got defeated once again by the allied army in 1815 battle of Waterloo
- Banished again to St. Helena, and died
- The Monarchy Again
- The (true) Monarchy was installed again! => Louis XVIII became the
monarch
- Kept with the same ideals of the revolution, however, chartering partial freedom of speech + palimentary government
- Code super unfavorable against woman
1.1 CN10162020
#flo #disorganized
- Nepolian Debate
- 4 Factions
- Radical/Abolitionist
- Feminist
- Moderate
- Conservative <- **
Figure 1: Screen Shot 2020-10-16 at 9.34.07 AM 1.png
https://gather.town/app/kxtGdUczc3VRkr9m/sushuclassroom
Figure 2: French Revolution Timeline