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1 Trauttmann
- India affected by the successful expansion of Islam
- Created globalized multiculturalism
- Expanded Indian ideas and invention to Europe
- Chess
- Folktale collection
- Panchatantra animal fables
- Literally Zero
- And, Arabic Numerals (#what)
- Europeans interact with India
- Indian very strange for Europeans
- Created legacies and mysteries about India
- CLAIM: Images/representations were dreamlike
- Misrepresentation goes back to greco-Roman times
- Viewed India as a land of strange people + desirable luxuries
- Originally leveraged the Muslims as the point of trade, but later
developed desire to handle trade w/ India independently
- One attempt to do that failed very badly, i.e. Colombus. We all know where he ended up.
- India was thought as sprawled throughout Asia, as in…
Figure 1: indiaiseverywhere.png
- Portugal in India
- Created the first effective voyages in the Indian direction
- Traveled around Africa to reach the coast of India, dominating Euro-asian trade
- Created treaties with local governments
- Established seaborne trade domination by requiring trading licenses
- Supplied local governments with resources
- American crops: potatos and corn
- Luxuries: tobacco and pineapple
- Other foods: tomatos and chilli
- Also, brought Catholic Christanity with them; who could have
guessed?
- Converted Indians
- Established Roman Pope's supermicy over already Existant Thomas Christians
- Employed two strategies
- Please the Indians: adopted the form of a brahmin renouncer
- Force the Indians: instituted Inquisition to force orthodoxy
- Porchugual vs. Spain
- Squabble squabble squabble
- Eventually the… Pope? settled the issue: awarding Portugal every to the east of Brazil and Spain everything to the west
- Merchant Companies
- Novel trading strategies
- Created companies with independent armies that traded
- Promoted merchantilists monopolies on a region/a good
- Entered into political relationships to establish power = control
- Lead companies to rule Indian territory
- The Brits
- Competition spawned from rivalry between England and France
- Wiping French rule in Canada
- Amercian independence w/ assistance by france
- Establishing Bengal terrirory in India
- CLAIM: fighting, and winning BEI.C vs. FEI.C established Britian's Empire in India
- Fought and implicated Indian allies
- Indian princes leased independently-governed trading posts ("factories") to help either one side or the other
- Eventually BEI.C army defeated Mughal army in 1757, and effectively achieved independence in Bengal by installing a new governor
- Delhi Emperor allowed BEI.C to be the political and millitary admin (diwani) of the region
- Goals of doing this
- Failed with trading with the Dutch example
- Struggles with the French to acquire new territory
- Turns BEI.C from small company to one with huge rule and control
- Company rule lasted from 1765-1858 when India is officially ruled by the crown
- Ruling strategy
- Not army based, and instead evolved from trading companies
- Goal of rulers is to eventually retire to England + consider Britain their home
- Resisted the idea of colonization, otherwise may create the Amercia problem
- Prevented admission of non-company Europeans, including missionaries
- A few thousand Europeans controlling lots more indians
- Most Europeans born and schooled in Britain and sent as adults
- Working under the direction of the headquarters
- Retained British identity and ideology
- Controlled large Indian army
- CLAIM: Success was more because of Indian manpower than of military tech
- Men were well-drilled
- Created new organizational structures
- Also, allied with Indian rulers
- Gave independent control at the price of giving up control of foreign affairs + men for army
- Each region had a "resident" which informed and influenced strategic decisions
- 1857 Mutiny
- Causes
- The Enfield rifle cartridge wsa greased with animal fat => offended the Hindu + Muslim
- Policy of "Lapse" => dissolving princely states without direct heir
- Felt like that the religion was under attack
- Mutiny spread across India, but it was eventually quelled after a year because it was not unified
- CLAIM: this showed that the Indians were discontent with British rule
- Aftermath
- Mutineers were punished harshly
- Mughal Empire formally abolished w/ the king exiled to Burmar
- In Nov 1, 1858, the Queen assumed control of India => direct
parlimentary control
- Assured that indian religions will not be interferred with
- Rights and territories of princely states won't either
- Reorganized to increase Britons in the Indian army
- Harsh feelings divided India, CLAIM: leading it to gather the new goal of turning India into a US/Europe nation state
- Causes
- Competition spawned from rivalry between England and France
- India and Europe
- Initially worked under a interference policy
- Goal was not to take over
- All had the shared goal of making money for the Company
- Minimal government for the goal of law-and-order
- Jesuits spreader Christianity => Beschi very successful. BEI.C eventually prohibited it.
- Family and civil disputes settled based on religious court; criminal and contract law were made uniform => law that hinged on religion remained a problem until this day
- Company took the stance of minimal interference in land revenue,
too!
- Created policy of settling revenue in obligation to zamindars
- CLAIM: minimal interference came under pressure during attempted
Indian reform to European values
- Newly settled land identity on individual cultivator
- Government reached every cultivator directory + not through landlords
- New reformation movements Utilitarinasm => governmental reform, and evangelical movement => social reform
- This reforamtion ebbed and flowed: Britian, after 1857 rebellion, decided that they overdid it and tuned down the reformation
- European reform of India
- New family + kinship rules
- Brought the idea of popular soverenty as a cool governmental model
- Higher respect for learning, science, and technology => turning
India from the centre of learning to not and to respecting
learning again due to THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
- Textiles! (destructing handicraft along with it)
- Railway!
- Historiography of India!
- Initially worked under a interference policy